|
LAGS |
601 |
As you might would think.
|
might |
would |
|
Male |
White |
84 |
4th grade |
LA (Livingston) |
LA (Livingston) |
1977 |
subject to fieldworker |
Spoken |
unknown |
Naturalistic |
|
Mishoe |
93 |
Lance may will want corn instead of potatoes.
|
may |
will |
|
Female |
White |
50s |
Unknown |
Unknown |
SC/ NC (Unknown) |
c1990 |
aunt to niece |
Spoken |
1.0 |
Naturalistic |
|
Reed |
1483 |
If you call, they really might would come. That's a city tree, I believe. |
might |
would |
|
Male |
White |
50s |
Unknown |
Unknown |
SC (Columbia) |
2010 |
neighbor to neighbor |
Spoken |
1.2 |
Naturalistic |
|
LAMSAS |
1791 |
might could |
might |
could |
|
Male |
White |
79 |
Until age 18 |
NC (Concord) |
NC (Concord) |
1934 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
COCA |
1082 |
You go on down to the next house down. Yella house sits back from the road. Real old man, he sits in the yard. He might could tell you. He's ninety-eight. |
might |
could |
|
Female |
Unknown |
unknown |
Unknown |
Unknown |
Fictional Story |
1993 |
woman to man |
Written |
1.0 |
Naturalistic |
|
LAGS |
695 |
Used to might.
|
used to |
might |
|
Male |
White |
77 |
11th grade |
AL (New Brockton) |
AL (New Brockton) |
1976 |
subject to fieldworker |
Spoken |
unknown |
Naturalistic |
|
LAMSAS |
1546 |
might could |
might |
could |
|
Female |
White |
85 |
Until age 16 |
MD (Battle Swamp) |
MD (Battle Swamp) |
1939 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
Scotland |
932 |
Will he can do it? |
will |
can |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
|
Unknown |
Scotland (Hawick) |
Scotland (Hawick) |
|
|
|
2.0 |
|
|
LAGS |
443 |
You might could have.
|
might |
could |
|
Female |
White |
77 |
College (1 year) |
GA (Lamar County) |
GA (Barnsville) |
1972 |
subject to fieldworker |
Spoken |
1.0 |
Naturalistic |
|
Montgomery |
187 |
If I can't help you now, I can't never would. |
can't |
would |
|
Male |
White |
75 |
Unknown |
Unknown |
SC (Unknown) |
|
unknown |
Spoken |
1.2 |
Naturalistic |
|
LAMSAS |
1904 |
might could |
might |
could |
|
Male |
White |
66 |
7th grade |
SC (Newberry) |
SC (Newberry) |
1946 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
Reed |
2074 |
Tie rod may could do that or a bearing may could do that. |
may |
could |
|
Male |
Other |
30s |
Unknown |
Unknown |
SC (Columbia) |
2013 |
clerk to customer |
Spoken |
2.0 |
Naturalistic |
|
LAMSAS |
1633 |
might could |
might |
could |
|
Male |
White |
54 |
Until age 18 |
VA (Tabscott) |
VA (Tabscott) |
1936 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
COCA |
1040 |
Allie knew enough students and wanted to meet someone a little older and more mature. Someone totally different. That's what Allie was looking forward to: meeting guys who didn't say things... |
might |
could |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
unknown |
Unknown |
Unknown |
Fictional Novel |
2011 |
omniscient narrator |
Written |
1.0 |
|
|
LAMSAS |
1888 |
might could |
might |
could |
|
Male |
White |
79 |
Until age 9 |
SC (Edgefield) |
SC (Edgefield) |
1946 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
LAGS |
537 |
Might could've helped me.
|
might |
could |
|
Male |
White |
44 |
12th grade |
MS (Bogue Chitto) |
MS (Bogue Chitto) |
1977 |
subject to fieldworker |
Spoken |
1.0 |
Naturalistic |
|
DiPaolo |
1305 |
You might check the copy room [Xerox room]. It might could've ended up in there. |
might |
could |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
unknown |
Unknown |
TX (Unknown) |
TX (Austin) |
1981 |
worker to client |
Spoken |
1.0 |
Naturalistic |
|
Mishoe |
29 |
I think I might would like me a piece of cake. |
might |
would |
|
Male |
White |
16 |
Unknown |
Unknown |
SC/ NC (Unknown) |
c1990 |
son to mother |
Spoken |
1.4 |
Naturalistic |
|
Feagin |
791 |
And Glen said, "Mama, you might otta get you one."
|
might |
ought to |
|
Female |
White |
61 |
8th grade |
AL (Unknown) |
AL (Unknown) |
1972 |
Unknown |
Spoken |
1.0 |
Naturalistic |
|
LAGS |
283 |
Might can make it.
|
might |
can |
|
Male |
White |
76 |
7th grade |
MS (McCondy) |
MS (Lynnville) |
1978 |
subject to fieldworker |
Spoken |
1.0 |
Naturalistic |
|
DiPaolo |
1429 |
We're gonna have to find somebody who might possibly could handle these people. |
might |
could |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
unknown |
Unknown |
Unknown |
TX (Austin) |
|
unknown |
Spoken |
1.6 |
Naturalistic |
|
LAMSAS |
1727 |
mought could |
mought |
could |
|
Male |
White |
68 |
no information |
NC (Canetuck) |
NC (Canetuck) |
1934 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
DiPaolo |
1397 |
This might better go in here. |
might |
better |
|
Female |
Unknown |
unknown |
Unknown |
Unknown |
TX (Austin) |
1980 |
woman to woman |
Spoken |
1.0 |
Naturalistic |
|
DARE |
868 |
They might could tell you where you could buy some whiskey. |
might |
could |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
|
Unknown |
TX (Unknown) |
TX (Unknown) |
1967 |
interviewee to fieldworker |
Spoken |
1.0 |
Naturalistic |
|
LAGS |
379 |
Might could.
|
might |
could |
|
Male |
Black |
17 |
Unknown |
Unknown |
TX (San Antonio) |
|
subject to fieldworker |
Spoken |
unknown |
Naturalistic |
|
Brandstetter |
1184 |
Yeah, I think she might would like those. |
might |
would |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
TN (Unknown) |
|
|
Spoken |
1.0 |
Naturalistic |
|
LAGS |
633 |
You used to could buy them.
|
used to |
could |
|
Female |
White |
74 |
8th grade |
GA (Glennville) |
GA (Glennville) |
1972 |
subject to fieldworker |
Spoken |
1.0 |
Naturalistic |
|
Mishoe |
137 |
I don't think we might will need any more than two hours tops. |
might |
will |
|
Male |
White |
40s |
Unknown |
Unknown |
SC/ NC (Unknown) |
c1990 |
mechanic to customer |
Spoken |
1.4 |
Naturalistic |
|
LAMSAS |
1577 |
might could |
might |
could |
|
Male |
White |
81 |
6 months total |
VA (Nethers) |
VA (Nethers) |
1935 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
LAMSAS |
1824 |
might could |
might |
could |
|
Female |
White |
70 |
None |
SC (Centenary P.O.) |
SC (Centenary P.O.) |
1937 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
Labov |
1242 |
Can you get your civil rights without getting your head busted? You might will in the long run. |
might |
will |
|
Unknown |
Black |
27 |
Unknown |
AL (Unknown) |
NY (New York City) |
|
|
Spoken |
1.0 |
Naturalistic |
|
LAGS |
728 |
You would used to just say.
|
would |
used to |
|
Female |
White |
52 |
High school |
GA (Sumter County) |
GA (Plains) |
1974 |
subject to fieldworker |
Spoken |
1.0 |
Naturalistic |
|
COCA |
1024 |
I figure if we make one more good crop out of this gumbo clay, we might ought to be thinking of moving on. |
might |
ought to |
|
Male |
Unknown |
unknown |
Unknown |
Unknown |
Fictional Story |
2002 |
man to woman |
Written |
1.2 |
Naturalistic |
|
LAGS |
476 |
I might could help you.
|
might |
could |
|
Female |
White |
55 |
8th grade |
AL (Lauderdale County) |
AL (Killen) |
1972 |
subject to fieldworker |
Spoken |
1.0 |
Naturalistic |
|
Montgomery |
220 |
We would have might maybe made it. |
would |
might |
|
Female |
White |
70 |
College (Graduate) |
Unknown |
SC (Unknown) |
|
Unknown |
Spoken |
1.0 |
Naturalistic |
|
LAMSAS |
1937 |
might would |
might |
would |
|
Female |
Black |
60 |
8 years |
GA (Metter) |
GA (Metter) |
1972 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
DiPaolo |
1336 |
This thing here I might should turn over to Ann. |
might |
should |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
unknown |
Unknown |
Unknown |
TX (Austin) |
1975 |
unknown |
Spoken |
1.0 |
Naturalistic |
|
COCA |
1005 |
... the deep truth that God never gives you more than you can handle. So, I must can handle it and learn from this experience. |
must |
can |
|
Female |
White |
40 |
Unknown |
LA (Shreveport) |
Radio |
1998 |
interviewee to interviewer |
Spoken |
1.1 |
Naturalistic |
|
LAMSAS |
1666 |
mought could |
mought |
could |
|
Female |
White |
77 |
1 year |
VA (Dutch Creek) |
VA (Dutch Creek) |
1935 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
Coleman |
1130 |
Mrs. Jones might’ve could told you. |
might have |
could |
|
Unknown |
White |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
NC (Unknown) |
1975 |
|
|
1.0 |
Elicited |
|
LAGS |
570 |
That might would do.
|
might |
would |
|
Male |
White |
76 |
3rd grade |
GA (Brunswick) |
GA (Mt. Pleasant) |
1974 |
subject to fieldworker |
Spoken |
1.0 |
Naturalistic |
|
Mishoe |
62 |
This is what I was afraid of. I was scared this might would happen. |
might |
would |
|
Female |
White |
20s |
Graduate school (Some) |
Unknown |
SC/ NC (Unknown) |
c1990 |
student to group |
Spoken |
1.4 |
Naturalistic |
|
LAGS |
316 |
Might could.
|
might |
could |
|
Female |
White |
56 |
High school (Some) |
GA (Canton) |
GA (Woodstock) |
1977 |
subject to fieldworker |
Spoken |
unknown |
Naturalistic |
|
Reed |
1443 |
She might could have it done by five. |
might |
could |
|
Male |
White |
16 |
High school (Student) |
TN (Sneedville) |
TN (Sneedville) |
2010 |
interviewee to interviewer |
Spoken |
1.0 |
Elicited |
|
LAMSAS |
1760 |
mought could |
mought |
could |
|
Male |
White |
76 |
3 months total |
NC (Nashville) |
NC (Nashville) |
1937 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
Butters |
1208 |
The AIDS-infected child may could be allowed to visit the school for a short time during a controlled classroom activity. |
may |
could |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
TX (Unknown) |
|
|
Written |
1.0 |
Naturalistic |
|
LAGS |
664 |
Used to could.
|
used to |
could |
|
Female |
White |
46 |
High school |
MS (Kosciusko) |
MS (Kosciusko) |
1980 |
subject to fieldworker |
Spoken |
unknown |
Naturalistic |
|
LAMSAS |
1515 |
might could |
might |
could |
|
Male |
White |
72 |
Until age 20 |
PA (Huntersville( |
PA (Huntersville) |
1939 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
Park |
901 |
It might would. |
might |
would |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
|
Unknown |
TX (Unknown) |
|
1940 |
|
|
1.0 |
|
|
LAGS |
412 |
I might could do it.
|
might |
could |
|
Male |
White |
82 |
8th grade |
LA (Ridge) |
LA (Ridge) |
1974 |
subject to fieldworker |
Spoken |
1.0 |
Naturalistic |
|
Skipper |
158 |
We might can play tomorrow morning.
|
might |
can |
|
Male |
White |
44 |
Unknown |
Unknown |
SC (Unknown) |
|
unknown |
Spoken |
1.0 |
Naturalistic |
|
England |
2043 |
He shal neuer conne trotte. |
shal |
conne |
|
|
|
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
England |
1484 |
|
Written |
1.0 |
|
|
LAMSAS |
1606 |
might could |
might |
could |
|
Female |
White |
80 |
Illiterate |
VA (Gillams) |
VA (Gillams) |
1936 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
England |
982 |
I’ll can gang to-day. |
will |
can |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
England (Cumberland) |
|
|
|
1.0 |
|
|
LAMSAS |
1856 |
might could |
might |
could |
|
Male |
Black |
68 |
no information |
SC (Millettville) |
SC (Millettville) |
1946 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
LAGS |
506 |
I might could.
|
might |
could |
|
Female |
Black |
63 |
High school |
TX (San Antonio) |
TX (San Antonio) |
1975 |
subject to fieldworker |
Spoken |
1.0 |
Naturalistic |
|
Cunningham |
1273 |
He must have fuh do əm. |
must |
have fuh (=have to) |
|
Unknown |
Black |
|
Unknown |
SC (Unknown) |
SC (Unknown) |
|
|
|
1.0 |
|
|
Feagin |
760 |
She might could give ... |
might |
could |
|
Female |
White |
26 |
Unknown |
AL (Unknown) |
AL (Unknown) |
early 1970s |
|
Spoken |
1.0 |
Naturalistic |
|
LAGS |
252 |
He may can tell you. |
may |
can |
|
Male |
White |
67 |
High school |
AR (Arkansas City) |
AR (Arkansas City) |
1977 |
male to fieldworker |
Spoken |
1.0 |
Naturalistic |
|
LAMSAS |
1969 |
might could |
might |
could |
|
Male |
White |
71 |
Common schools |
GA (Elberton) |
GA (Elberton) |
1946 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
Reed |
1400 |
That might would be a good idea.
|
might |
would |
|
Female |
White |
30 |
Graduate school (Doctoral degree) |
TN (Seymour) |
SC (Columbia) |
2012 |
wife to husband |
Spoken |
1.0 |
Naturalistic |
|
Elsman |
837 |
Somebody else may can think of some more |
may |
can |
|
Female |
White |
30s |
College (Graduate) |
SC (Unknown) |
SC (Columbia) |
2007 |
co-worker to co-worker |
Spoken |
1.0 |
Naturalistic |
|
LAMSAS |
1698 |
might could |
might |
could |
|
Female |
White |
70 |
Illiterate |
NC (Holly Springs) |
NC (Holly Springs) |
1936 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
LAGS |
348 |
Might could.
|
might |
could |
|
Male |
White |
34 |
Unknown |
Unknown |
FL (Barbineau Park) |
|
subject to fieldworker |
Spoken |
unknown |
Naturalistic |
|
Scotland |
1153 |
You have to can drive a car to get that job. |
have to |
can |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
Scotland (Unknown) |
|
|
|
1.0 |
|
|
LAGS |
602 |
I might would use and it and might wouldn't.
|
might |
wouldn't |
|
Female |
Black |
42 |
High school (Graduate) |
TX (Dallas) |
TX (Dallas) |
1975 |
subject to fieldworker |
Spoken |
1.0 |
Naturalistic |
|
Mishoe |
94 |
I thought you might would be the one to know. |
might |
would |
|
Male |
White |
20s |
Unknown |
Unknown |
SC/ NC (Unknown) |
c1990 |
male to secretary on phone |
Spoken |
1.4 |
Naturalistic |
|
Reed |
1473 |
might could be indefinite leave |
might |
could |
|
Male |
Unknown |
40s |
Graduate school (Some) |
Unknown |
SC (Columbia) |
2011 |
unknown |
Spoken |
|
Naturalistic |
|
LAMSAS |
1792 |
might could |
might |
could |
|
Female |
White |
41 |
Until age 19 |
NC (Concord) |
NC (Concord) |
1937 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
LAGS |
696 |
She used to wouldn't
|
used to |
wouldn't |
|
Female |
White |
71 |
5th grade |
TN (Springfield) |
TN (Springfield) |
1973 |
subject to fieldworker |
Spoken |
1.0 |
Naturalistic |
|
LAMSAS |
1547 |
might could |
might |
could |
|
Male |
White |
73 |
A little until age 12 |
MD (Dominion) |
MD (Dominion) |
1939 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
Scotland |
933 |
He might no could have done it. |
might no |
could |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
|
Unknown |
Scotland (Hawick) |
Scotland (Hawick) |
|
|
|
1.0 |
|
|
LAGS |
444 |
Might could have.
|
might |
could |
|
Male |
White |
19 |
College (student at time of interview) |
MS (Jackson) |
MS (Jackson) |
1978 |
subject to fieldworker |
Spoken |
1.0 |
Naturalistic |
|
Montgomery |
188 |
Q: Can you give me the amounts? A: I might can give you the original amounts. |
might |
can |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
Unknown |
Unknown |
Unknown |
SC (Unknown) |
|
unknown |
Spoken |
1.0 |
Naturalistic |
|
LAMSAS |
1905 |
might could |
might |
could |
|
Male |
White |
62 |
4th or 5th grade |
SC (Mountville) |
SC (Mountville) |
1946 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
Reed |
2075 |
I may should take another shirt. |
may |
should |
|
Male |
White |
30 |
Graduate School (Master's degree) |
IL (Abingdon) |
SC (Columbia) |
2013 |
friend to group |
Spoken |
1.0 |
Naturalistic |
|
LAMSAS |
1634 |
might could |
might |
could |
|
Male |
White |
75 |
Illiterate |
VA (Wingina P.O.) |
VA (Wingina P.O.) |
1935 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
COCA |
1042 |
We report you to child support recovery -- he might could find you. If that's gon na be a problem, let us know. |
might |
could |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
unknown |
Unknown |
Unknown |
Article in Journal |
2010 |
worker to client |
Spoken |
1.0 |
Naturalistic |
|
LAMSAS |
1889 |
might possibly |
might |
possibly |
|
Female |
White |
73 |
College (Some) |
SC (Edgefield) |
SC (Edgefield) |
1946 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
LAGS |
538 |
I figured I might not ought to.
|
might not |
ought to |
|
Male |
White |
75 |
7-8 years of school |
GA (Miller County) |
GA (Colquitt) |
1975 |
subject to fieldworker |
Spoken |
1.4 |
Naturalistic |
|
DiPaolo |
1306 |
If the defense gets the offense the ball, yeah, we might could win the game |
might |
could |
|
Male |
White |
67 |
College (raduate |
AR (Fordyce) |
Television |
1980 |
interviewee to interviewer |
Spoken |
1.2 |
Naturalistic |
|
Mishoe |
30 |
They're saying we may shall get some rain. |
may |
shall |
|
Female |
White |
60s |
Unknown |
Unknown |
SC/ NC (Unknown) |
c1990 |
older woman to younger woman |
Spoken |
1.4 |
Naturalistic |
|
Feagin |
792 |
We might otta give you a chicken sandwich. |
might |
ought to |
|
Female |
White |
30 |
Unknown |
AL (Unknown) |
AL (Selma) |
early 1970s |
|
Spoken |
1.0 |
Naturalistic |
|
LAGS |
284 |
An owl might can see in the dark.
|
might |
can |
|
Female |
White |
63 |
High school |
GA (Sardis) |
GA (Hartwell) |
1977 |
subject to fieldworker |
Spoken |
1.0 |
Naturalistic |
|
DiPaolo |
1430 |
Even if he doesn't get the Stanford job, they might could still come. |
might |
could |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
unknown |
Unknown |
Unknown |
TX (Austin) |
|
unknown |
Spoken |
1.2 |
Naturalistic |
|
LAMSAS |
1728 |
might could |
might |
could |
|
Female |
White |
49 |
Until age 18 |
NC (Riverside) |
NC (Riverside) |
1937 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
DiPaolo |
1398 |
I might better hurry |
might |
better |
|
Female |
White |
unknown |
Unknown |
TX (Tyler) |
TX (Austin) |
1980 |
sister to sister |
Spoken |
1.0 |
Naturalistic |
|
DARE |
869 |
I might could look it up in my notes. |
might |
could |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
|
Unknown |
SC (Bradley) |
SC (Unknown) |
1967 |
interviewee to fieldworker |
Spoken |
1.0 |
Naturalistic |
|
LAGS |
380 |
Might could.
|
might |
could |
|
Male |
White |
53 |
Unknown |
Unknown |
TX (Falfurrias) |
|
subject to fieldworker |
Spoken |
unknown |
Naturalistic |
|
Brandstetter |
1185 |
It may shouldn’t be like that in that particular context. |
may |
should |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
TN (Unknown) |
|
|
Spoken |
1.0 |
Naturalistic |
|
LAGS |
634 |
You used to could buy them.
|
used to |
could |
|
Male |
White |
60 |
4th grade |
AL (Alpine) |
AL (Alpine) |
1973 |
subject to fieldworker |
Spoken |
1.0 |
Naturalistic |
|
Mishoe |
136 |
That radio might could be playing softer. |
might |
could |
|
Female |
White |
40s |
Unknown |
Unknown |
SC/ NC (Unknown) |
c1990 |
mother to daughter |
Spoken |
1.1 |
Naturalistic |
|
Hern.&S |
2019 |
You may should wipe the thing. |
may |
should |
|
Male |
Black |
23 |
Unknown |
IL (Chicago) |
IL (Chicago) |
1970s |
Unknown |
Spoken |
|
|
|
LAMSAS |
1578 |
might could |
might |
could |
|
Female |
White |
55 |
Until age 14 |
VA (Madison) |
VA (Madison) |
1935 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
LAMSAS |
1825 |
might could |
might |
could |
|
Male |
White |
55 |
4th grade |
SC (Manning) |
SC (Manning) |
1946 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
COCA |
1100 |
Things ain't real hot right now. Rex, there though, (nodding toward a half-naked man burrowed under an 83 Buick) is about to relocate in about a week to San Angelo. I might could use a man when... |
might |
could |
|
Male |
White |
unknown |
Unknown |
Unknown |
Film |
1990 |
man to man |
Spoken |
1.3 |
Naturalistic |
|
Feagin |
729 |
I may can trail you over. |
may |
can |
|
Female |
White |
60 |
Unknown |
AL (Unknown) |
AL (Birmingham) |
early 1970s |
acquaintance |
Spoken |
1.0 |
Naturalistic |
|
COCA |
1025 |
That technology transfer, the permission occurred back during the Bush administration, my question being how long has this sort of transfer been going on that we might ought to have been more... |
might |
ought to |
|
Female |
White |
44 |
Graduate school (Law degree) |
TX (Dallas) |
Television |
1998 |
host to panelist |
Spoken |
2.6 |
Naturalistic |
|
LAGS |
477 |
I might could help you.
|
might |
could |
|
Male |
White |
68 |
9th grade |
MS (Dillon) |
MS (Lorman) |
1973 |
subject to fieldworker |
Spoken |
1.0 |
Naturalistic |
|
Montgomery |
221 |
The only thing I might would have like that is an egg-shell mattress. |
might |
would |
|
Male |
White |
40s |
Unknown |
Unknown |
SC (Unknown) |
|
unknown |
Spoken |
1.6 |
Naturalistic |