|
Jamaica |
1217 |
shuda hafi “should must” |
should |
hafi (=have to, must) |
|
Unknown |
Black |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
Jamaica (Unknown) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Jamaica |
1218 |
shuda kyan “should can” |
should |
can |
|
Unknown |
Black |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
Jamaica (Unknown) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Scotland |
921 |
He should can do it. |
should |
can |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
|
Unknown |
Scotland (Hawick) |
Scotland (Hawick) |
|
|
|
1.0 |
|
|
England |
2048 |
Swa þatt menn sholldenn muɽhenn sen þurrh Goddspellbokess lare All hu þeɽɽ mihhtenn follɽenn rihht þatt stih. |
sholldenn |
hafi (=have to, must) |
|
|
|
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
England |
c1200 |
|
Written |
1.3 |
|
|
England |
2046 |
To lefenn & to trowwenn þatt swillc an shollde muʒhenn beon Shippennd off alle shaffte |
shollde |
muʒhenn |
|
|
|
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
England |
c1200 |
|
Written |
1.4 |
|
|
England |
2047 |
forr þatt Crist ne wollde nohht þatt Nicodm ne wisste þatt he ne shollde muʒhenn nohht ben borrʒhenn, þohh he mihhte Lefenn & trowwenn rihht o Crist þurrh Cristes miccle tacness, But iff he wære... |
shollde |
muʒhenn |
|
|
|
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
England |
c1200 |
|
Written |
1.4 |
|
|
England |
2044 |
... þatt mannkinn shollde muʒhenn wel Upp cumenn inntill heoffne.
|
shollde |
muʒhenn |
|
|
|
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
England |
c1200 |
|
Written |
|
|
|
England |
2045 |
forrþi let be swellenn þa þe middle & þe little, þatt Crist ne shollde mu ʒ henn himm O nane wise attwindenn.
|
shollde |
muʒhenn |
|
|
|
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
England |
c1200 |
|
Written |
1.4 |
|
|
England |
2061 |
þou ... shalt mowen retourne hool & sounde.
|
shalt |
mowen |
|
|
|
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
England |
1374 |
|
Written |
|
|
|
Visser |
1266 |
That ye counseille me how I shall may avenge me. |
shall |
may |
|
Male |
Unknown |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
England (Unknown) |
c1489 |
|
Written |
|
|
|
Visser |
1267 |
On al the maners that ye shall conne demaunde. |
shall |
can |
|
Male |
Unknown |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
England (Unknown) |
1485 |
|
Written |
|
|
|
Visser |
1268 |
Who this booke shall wylle lerne May well enterprise. |
shall |
will |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
|
Unknown |
England (Unknown) |
England (Unknown) |
1481 |
|
Written |
1.4 |
|
|
England |
2056 |
They shall ... mowe be ... emendyng to devout prayers ... in Goddis house, where prayers be most exaudible. |
shall |
mowe |
|
|
|
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
England |
c1443 |
|
Written |
1.0 |
|
|
England |
2058 |
Lete me have knowlache of ʒour mynde ... whan ʒe shall moun be in this cuntre.
|
shall |
moun |
|
|
|
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
England |
1481 |
|
Written |
3.0 |
|
|
England |
2059 |
As longe that I shall maye bere armes (OED).
|
shall |
maye |
|
|
|
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
England |
c1489 |
|
Written |
|
|
|
England |
2060 |
No ship of greate burdon shall mowe comme ... in the seid Haven. |
shall |
mowe |
|
|
|
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
England |
1495 |
|
Written |
1.0 |
|
|
Visser |
1212 |
I fear that the emperor will depart thence, before my letters shall may come into your grace’s hands.
|
shall |
may |
|
Male |
White |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
England (Unknown) |
1532 |
|
Written |
1.4 |
|
|
Traugott |
1213 |
Ye shall mowe have itt of Toppis. |
shall |
mowe (=may) |
|
Unknown |
White |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
England (Unknown) |
1451 |
|
Written |
1.0 |
|
|
England |
2042 |
I shall not konne answere. |
shall |
koone |
|
|
|
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
England |
1386 |
|
Written |
1.0 |
|
|
England |
2054 |
for he shal mowe shewe be experience th’entente of his good will (OED).
|
shal |
mowe |
|
|
|
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
England |
1402 |
|
Written |
1.0 |
|
|
England |
2055 |
if it be wiþoute help any long tyme ... it shal noʒt mow be cured.
|
shal |
mow |
|
|
|
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
England |
c1425 |
J. Arderne, Treatise of Fistula in Ano (EETS) 42, 26 |
|
|
|
|
England |
2057 |
After the discrecyon of myne Executors as þe shal mow seme most ... expedient (OED).
|
shal |
mowe |
|
|
|
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
England |
1449 |
|
Written |
1.3 |
|
|
England |
2043 |
He shal neuer conne trotte. |
shal |
conne |
|
|
|
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
England |
1484 |
|
Written |
1.0 |
|
|
England |
986 |
Nobody seems to can understand it. |
seems to |
can |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
England (Leicester) |
|
|
|
1.0 |
|
|
England |
2051 |
Thou schalt mowe senden hire a lettre.
|
schalt |
mowe |
|
|
|
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
England |
1390 |
|
Written |
1.0 |
|
|
England |
2052 |
Thou schalt mowe senden hire a lettre.
|
schalt |
mowe |
|
|
|
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
England |
c1390 |
|
Written |
1.0 |
|
|
England |
2053 |
... tanne i schal mow truliche sey ... the wordes þat be writen in holi writ.
|
schal |
mow |
|
|
|
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
England |
c1400 |
|
Written |
1.0 |
Elicited |
|
Nagle |
1142 |
Ælc cristen man hit sceall cunnan. “Each Christian man shall know it” |
sceall (=shall) |
cunnan (=could, ken, know) |
|
Male |
White |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
England (Unknown) |
c1000 |
|
Written |
1.0 |
|
|
England |
2050 |
... þai sall noght mow stand. |
sall |
mow |
|
|
|
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
England |
c1345 |
|
Written |
|
|
|
England |
2049 |
Hu sal ani man ðe muʒen deren?
|
sal |
muʒen |
|
|
|
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
England |
c1259 |
|
Written |
2.0 |
|
|
England |
2041 |
Na mare saltow ham con rede þen sternes of heyuen.
|
sal |
con |
|
|
|
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
England |
14th century |
|
Written |
1.0 |
|
|
DiPaolo |
1408 |
(woman's name) oughta could answer my questions although I didn't do so well. |
oughta |
could |
|
Male |
White |
unknown |
Unknown |
TX (Henderson) |
TX (Henderson,) |
|
man to woman |
Spoken |
1.2 |
Naturalistic |
|
LAMSAS |
1507 |
ought to could |
ought to |
could |
|
Male |
White |
73 |
4 months per year until age 18 |
PA (Turbotville) |
PA (Turbotville) |
1939 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
Park |
902 |
He ought to could. |
ought to |
could |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
|
Unknown |
TX (Unknown) |
|
1940 |
|
|
1.0 |
|
|
Mashburn |
1259 |
He ought to would see you.
|
ought to |
would |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
|
Unknown |
GA (Unknown) |
|
|
|
|
1.0 |
|
|
Mashburn |
1260 |
He ought to will see you.
|
ought to |
will |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
|
Unknown |
GA (Unknown) |
|
|
|
|
1.0 |
|
|
Boertien |
2110 |
ought SUBJECT might had |
ought |
might |
had |
Female |
White |
21 |
College Student |
TX (Beaumont) |
TX (Unknown) |
c1980 |
|
|
2.0 |
Elicited |
|
Boertien |
2112 |
ought SUBJECT might should |
ought |
might |
should |
Female |
White |
21 |
College Student |
TX (Beaumont) |
TX (Unknown) |
c1980 |
|
|
2.0 |
Elicited |
|
Scotland |
1155 |
Do they need to can do it? |
need to |
can |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
Scotland (Unknown) |
|
|
|
2.0 |
|
|
Scotland |
938 |
He mustnae can do it. |
mustnae |
can |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
|
Unknown |
Scotland (Hawick) |
Scotland (Hawick) |
|
|
|
1.0 |
|
|
Boertien |
2116 |
must not can |
must not |
can |
|
Male |
White |
20s |
College Student |
TX (San Antonio) |
TX (Unknown) |
c1980 |
|
|
|
Elicited |
|
Boertien |
2117 |
must not ought |
must not |
ought |
|
Male |
White |
20 |
College Student |
TX (San Antonio) |
TX (Unknown) |
c1980 |
|
|
|
Elicited |
|
Boertien |
2118 |
must not would |
must not |
would |
|
Male |
White |
21 |
College Student |
TX (San Antonio) |
TX (Unknown) |
c1980 |
|
|
|
Elicited |
|
Scotland |
936 |
He must no can do it.
|
must no |
can |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
|
Unknown |
Scotland (Hawick) |
Scotland (Hawick) |
|
|
|
1.0 |
|
|
Hern.&S |
2025 |
He must can sing. |
must |
can |
|
Unknown |
Black |
c17 |
High school student |
IL (Chicago) |
IL (Chicago) |
1970s |
|
Spoken |
1.0 |
Naturalistic |
|
Jamaica |
1222 |
mos(a) fi “must ought to” |
must |
fe (=for, ought to) |
|
Unknown |
Black |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
Jamaica (Unknown) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Jamaica |
1223 |
mos(a) hafi “must must” |
must |
hafi (=have to, must) |
|
Unknown |
Black |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
Jamaica (Unknown) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Jamaica |
1224 |
mos(a) kyan “may/might must” |
must |
can |
|
Unknown |
Black |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
Jamaica (Unknown) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mishoe |
87 |
That must didn't hurt him cause he's still in the lead.
|
must |
didn't |
|
Male |
White |
unknown |
Unknown |
Unknown |
SC/ NC (Unknown) |
c1990 |
NBC announcer to audience |
Spoken |
1.3 |
Naturalistic |
|
COCA |
1005 |
... the deep truth that God never gives you more than you can handle. So, I must can handle it and learn from this experience. |
must |
can |
|
Female |
White |
40 |
Unknown |
LA (Shreveport) |
Radio |
1998 |
interviewee to interviewer |
Spoken |
1.1 |
Naturalistic |
|
Cunningham |
1273 |
He must have fuh do əm. |
must |
have fuh (=have to) |
|
Unknown |
Black |
|
Unknown |
SC (Unknown) |
SC (Unknown) |
|
|
|
1.0 |
|
|
Cunningham |
1274 |
He must have fa see something.
|
must |
have fuh (have to) |
|
Unknown |
Black |
|
Unknown |
SC (Unknown) |
SC (Unknown) |
|
|
|
1.0 |
|
|
Labov |
1243 |
Well, you must can’t fuck good, then. |
must |
can |
|
Unknown |
Black |
26 |
Unknown |
NJ (Unknown) |
NY (New York City) |
|
|
Spoken |
1.0 |
Naturalistic |
|
LAGS |
605 |
He must can smell me.
|
must |
can |
|
Male |
Black |
88 |
6th-7th grade |
FL (Bealsville) |
FL (Bealsville) |
1976 |
subject to fieldworker |
Spoken |
1.0 |
Naturalistic |
|
Scotland |
937 |
He must can no do it. |
must |
can no |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
|
Unknown |
Scotland (Hawick) |
Scotland (Hawick) |
|
|
|
1.0 |
|
|
Jamaica |
1210 |
Him mus’ can do it.
|
must |
can |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
|
Unknown |
Caribbean (Jamaica) |
Jamaica (Unknown) |
|
Unknown |
|
1.0 |
|
|
Boertien |
2126 |
must can't |
must |
can't |
|
Male |
White |
20 |
College Student |
TX (San Antonio) |
TX (Unknown) |
c1980 |
|
|
|
Elicited |
|
Boertien |
2127 |
must oughtn't |
must |
oughtn't |
|
Male |
White |
20 |
College Student |
TX (San Antonio) |
TX (Unknown) |
c1980 |
|
|
|
Elicited |
|
Montgomery |
195 |
Well if you can be morally bankrupt, then you must could bank morals. |
must |
could |
|
Male |
White |
60s |
Graduate school (Doctoral degree) |
Unknown |
Unknown |
|
Unknown |
Spoken |
1.2 |
Naturalistic |
|
Belize |
1232 |
Yu mos yuz tu ... |
must |
used to |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
Belize (Unknown) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Boertien |
1288 |
He must wouldn’t steal, would he? |
must |
wouldn't |
|
Male |
White |
20 |
College Student |
TX (San Antonio) |
TX (Unknown) |
c1980 |
|
|
2.8 |
Elicited |
|
England |
1169 |
The girls usually make me some [toasted sandwiches], but they mustn’t could have made any today. |
must |
could |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
England (Newcastle) |
|
|
Spoken |
1.1 |
Naturalistic |
|
Scotland |
919 |
He must could do it. |
must |
could |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
|
Unknown |
Scotland (Hawick) |
Scotland (Hawick) |
|
|
|
1.0 |
|
|
Scotland |
920 |
He must can do it. |
must |
can |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
|
Unknown |
Scotland (Hawick) |
Scotland (Hawick) |
|
|
|
1.0 |
|
|
Taylor |
891 |
I mought ’a’ could if I’d ’a’ wanted to. |
mought have |
could |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
MO (southwestern) |
1923 |
|
|
1.3 |
|
|
LAMSAS |
1781 |
mought could |
mought |
could |
|
Male |
White |
52 |
Until age 18 |
NC (Thomasville) |
NC (Thomasville) |
1937 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
LAMSAS |
1719 |
mought could |
mought |
could |
|
Male |
White |
71 |
Illiterate |
NC (Chinquapin P.O.) |
NC (Chinquapin P.O.) |
1937 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
LAMSAS |
1813 |
mought could |
mought |
could |
|
Female |
White |
57 |
Very little |
NC (Friendship Church) |
NC (Friendship Church) |
1934 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
LAMSAS |
1749 |
mought could |
mought |
could |
|
Male |
White |
68 |
no information |
NC (Hollister) |
NC (Hollister) |
1936 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
LAMSAS |
1940 |
mought could |
mought |
could |
|
Male |
White |
69 |
About 18 months |
GA (Rincon) |
GA (Rincon) |
1934 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
LAMSAS |
1782 |
mought could |
mought |
could |
|
Female |
White |
79 |
Little |
NC (Corinth Church) |
NC (Corinth Church) |
1937 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
LAMSAS |
1624 |
mought could |
mought |
could |
|
Male |
White |
75 |
no information |
VA (Mills Swamp) |
VA (Mills Swamp) |
1936 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
LAMSAS |
1656 |
mought could |
mought |
could |
|
Male |
White |
82 |
Illiterate |
VA (Stony Creek) |
VA (Stony Creek) |
1935 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
LAMSAS |
1688 |
mought could |
mought |
could |
|
Male |
White |
79 |
None |
NC (Old trap) |
NC (Old Trap) |
1936 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
LAMSAS |
1538 |
mought could |
mought |
could |
|
Male |
White |
80 |
None |
WV (Hanging Rock) |
WV (Hanging Rock) |
1939 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
LAMSAS |
1657 |
mought could |
mought |
could |
|
Male |
White |
62 |
Short terms until 17-18 |
VA (Browntown) |
VA (Browntown) |
1934 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
LAMSAS |
1751 |
mought could |
mought |
could |
|
Male |
White |
73 |
Illiterate |
NC (Rocky Mount P.O.) |
NC (Rocky Mount P.O.) |
1934 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
LAMSAS |
1784 |
mought could |
mought |
could |
|
Female |
White |
76 |
Very little |
NC (Black Ankle) |
NC (Black Ankle) |
1937 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
LAMSAS |
1539 |
mought could |
mought |
could |
|
Male |
White |
72 |
Illiterate |
WV (Swedeland) |
WV (Swedeland) |
1939 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
LAMSAS |
1626 |
mought could |
mought |
could |
|
Male |
White |
75 |
Very little |
VA (Drewryville) |
VA (Drewryville) |
1936 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
LAMSAS |
1540 |
mought could |
mought |
could |
|
Male |
White |
63 |
Four months only at age 14 or 15 |
WV (Panther) |
WV (Panther) |
1940 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
LAMSAS |
1723 |
mought could |
mought |
could |
|
Male |
White |
69 |
About 12 months total |
NC (Roe) |
NC (Roe) |
1934 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
LAMSAS |
1659 |
mought could |
mought |
could |
|
Male |
White |
73 |
Illiterate |
VA (Shiflett Hollow) |
VA (Shiflett Hollow) |
1935 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
LAMSAS |
1753 |
mought could |
mought |
could |
|
Female |
White |
68 |
Very little |
NC (Black Creek P.O.) |
NC (Black Creek P.O.) |
1936 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
LAMSAS |
1628 |
mought could |
mought |
could |
|
Male |
White |
76 |
Very little |
VA (Holland) |
VA (Holland) |
1936 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
LAMSAS |
1850 |
mought could |
mought |
could |
|
Female |
White |
70 |
Until age 16 |
SC (Byrd Station) |
SC (Byrd Station) |
1934 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
LAMSAS |
1787 |
mought could |
mought |
could |
|
Female |
White |
77 |
Learned to read at home |
NC (Forestville Church) |
NC (Forestville Church) |
1937 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
LAMSAS |
1629 |
mought could |
mought |
could |
|
Female |
White |
81 |
3 years |
VA (Back Bay) |
VA (Back Bay) |
1936 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
LAMSAS |
1572 |
mought could |
mought |
could |
|
Male |
White |
87 |
2-3 years |
MD (Gallant Green) |
MD (Gallant Green) |
1939 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
LAMSAS |
1819 |
mought could |
mought |
could |
|
Male |
White |
77 |
A little |
NC (Bryson City) |
NC (Bryson City) |
1934 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
LAMSAS |
1694 |
mought could |
mought |
could |
|
Female |
White |
74 |
2 months |
NC (Trapp) |
NC (Trapp) |
1934 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
LAMSAS |
1603 |
mought could |
mought |
could |
|
Female |
White |
61 |
From ages 6 to 15 |
VA (Friends Church) |
VA (Friends Church) |
1936 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
LAMSAS |
1886 |
mought could |
mought |
could |
|
Male |
White |
63 |
3-4 years |
SC (Philipps Church) |
SC (Philipps Church) |
1934 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
LAMSAS |
1725 |
mought could |
mought |
could |
|
Female |
White |
71 |
Very little |
NC (Grants Creek) |
NC (Grants Creek) |
1937 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
LAMSAS |
1663 |
mought could |
mought |
could |
|
Male |
White |
53 |
Little |
VA (Whistle Creek) |
VA (Whistle Creek) |
1933 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
LAMSAS |
1757 |
mought could |
mought |
could |
|
Female |
White |
80 |
Until age 15 |
NC (Manchester) |
NC (Manchester) |
1934 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
LAMSAS |
1727 |
mought could |
mought |
could |
|
Male |
White |
68 |
no information |
NC (Canetuck) |
NC (Canetuck) |
1934 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
LAMSAS |
1759 |
mought could |
mought |
could |
|
Male |
Black |
77 |
3 years |
NC (Nashville) |
NC (Nashville) |
1937 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
LAMSAS |
1605 |
mought could |
mought |
could |
|
Female |
Black |
75 |
Illiterate |
VA (Holdcroft) |
VA (Holdcroft) |
1936 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|
|
LAMSAS |
1983 |
mought could |
mought |
could |
|
Male |
White |
85 |
Very little |
GA (Lonesome Cove) |
GA (Lonesome Cove) |
1934 |
fieldworker to informant |
Spoken |
|
|